微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室的裝修包含多種系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
隨著
醫(yī)療新技術(shù)和新的手術(shù)工具的不斷涌現(xiàn)，帶動(dòng)了手術(shù)量的迅猛上升，而且手術(shù)室是醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)與工程技術(shù)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，下面來(lái)講講
手術(shù)室建設(shè)要求以及手術(shù)室感染控制原則是怎樣的？
With the continuous emergence of new medical technologies and new surgical tools, the number of operations has increased rapidly. Moreover, the operating room is the product of the combination of medical technology and engineering technology. What are the requirements of the operating room and the principles of infection control in the operating room?
手術(shù)室的要求
Operating room requirements
手術(shù)室是醫(yī)院中無(wú)菌潔凈要求很嚴(yán)格的地方之一，手術(shù)室的建設(shè)、布局、工作流程和治理都是圍繞無(wú)菌要求設(shè)計(jì)的。
The operating room is one of the places in the hospital with strict aseptic and clean requirements. The construction, layout, work flow and management of the operating room are designed around the aseptic requirements.
手術(shù)室又是醫(yī)療設(shè)備密集的科室，除手術(shù)床、無(wú)影燈外，麻醉機(jī)、監(jiān)護(hù)、電刀以及自體血回收機(jī)、手術(shù)顯微鏡、影像系統(tǒng)等已成為手術(shù)常用設(shè)備。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，新的手術(shù)工具不斷涌現(xiàn)，如各類軟硬內(nèi)窺鏡下手術(shù)、導(dǎo)航設(shè)備、立體定位系統(tǒng)、手術(shù)機(jī)器人等微創(chuàng)手術(shù)輔助設(shè)備等，如此眾多的設(shè)備擁擠在手術(shù)室內(nèi)，對(duì)設(shè)備布局、安裝、配電及用電安全提出了更高的要求。
The operating room is also a department with dense medical equipment. In addition to the operating table and shadowless lamp, anesthesia machine, monitoring, electric knife, autologous blood recovery machine, operating microscope and imaging system have become common equipment for surgery. With the development of technology, new surgical tools are constantly emerging, such as various soft and hard endoscopic surgery, navigation equipment, stereo positioning system, surgical robot and other minimally invasive surgical auxiliary equipment. So many equipment are crowded in the operating room, which puts forward higher requirements for equipment layout, installation, power distribution and power safety.
另外，現(xiàn)在各家醫(yī)院分散建設(shè)的導(dǎo)管室、膀胱鏡室等，有些也是參照手術(shù)室要求建立起來(lái)的準(zhǔn)手術(shù)室。尤其是開(kāi)展參與治療的導(dǎo)管室，基本上是嚴(yán)格按照手術(shù)室的規(guī)范治理和使用，這些科室廣義上說(shuō)也是擴(kuò)展的手術(shù)室。這些準(zhǔn)手術(shù)室在老醫(yī)院都是見(jiàn)縫插針式地建設(shè)，新建醫(yī)院應(yīng)該綜合考慮這些科室與常規(guī)手術(shù)室間的布局安排。
In addition, some of the catheter rooms and cystoscopy rooms scattered in various hospitals are also quasi operating rooms established according to the requirements of operating rooms. In particular, the catheter rooms involved in the treatment are basically managed and used in strict accordance with the specifications of the operating room. In a broad sense, these departments are also expanded operating rooms. These quasi operating rooms are built in the old hospital in a timely manner. The new hospital should comprehensively consider the layout between these departments and the conventional operating rooms.
Principles of infection control in operating room
防止和降低手術(shù)感染是手術(shù)室建設(shè)很基本的要求，感染控制的方法有：
Preventing and reducing surgical infection is a very basic requirement for the construction of the operating room. The methods of infection control include:
(1)通過(guò)術(shù)前備皮和術(shù)中對(duì)非手術(shù)區(qū)域的無(wú)菌覆蓋，減少患者自身感染；(2)對(duì)手術(shù)用具和物品的嚴(yán)格消毒或隔離，減少外源接觸感染；(3)降低空氣中的灰塵和微生物粒子，減少懸浮污染物的擴(kuò)散感染；(4)使用抗生素。這是一種補(bǔ)救措施，其靠藥物往控制已發(fā)生的感染。
(1) Through preoperative skin preparation and aseptic coverage of non-surgical areas during the operation, the patient's self infection can be reduced; (2) Strictly disinfect or isolate surgical instruments and articles to reduce external contact infection; (3) Reduce the dust and microbial particles in the air and reduce the diffusion and infection of suspended pollutants; (4) Use antibiotics. This is a remedial measure that relies on drugs to control the infection that has occurred.
我國(guó)目前普遍存在的題目是，只注重預(yù)防感染結(jié)果，而忽略了對(duì)感染的全過(guò)程控制。臨床表現(xiàn)是依靠大量抗生素來(lái)減少術(shù)后感染率，而對(duì)手術(shù)無(wú)菌過(guò)程缺乏嚴(yán)格控制。
At present, the common problem in our country is that we only pay attention to the prevention of infection results and neglect the whole process control of infection. The clinical manifestation is to rely on a large number of antibiotics to reduce the postoperative infection rate, while the aseptic process of the operation lacks strict control.
為減少抗生素的濫用，必須進(jìn)步手術(shù)室潔凈水平，嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌操縱和治理，加強(qiáng)對(duì)整個(gè)手術(shù)過(guò)程的控制，切斷所有可能的污染途徑(包括空氣)，阻止細(xì)菌接觸手術(shù)創(chuàng)口進(jìn)進(jìn)人體。
In order to reduce the abuse of antibiotics, it is necessary to improve the cleanliness level of the operating room, strictly control the aseptic operation and treatment, strengthen the control of the whole operation process, cut off all possible pollution channels (including air), and prevent bacteria from contacting the surgical wound and entering the human body.
LAPC9306手持式塵埃粒子計(jì)數(shù)器
該儀器是公司最新研制成功的采用全半體激光傳感器的手持式激光塵埃粒子計(jì)數(shù)器，可與PC電腦數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)連接可進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制，可直接觀測(cè)儀器的測(cè)試情況，測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)可通過(guò)電腦進(jìn)行分析處理并可以保存為Excel文件。技術(shù)指標(biāo)均滿足國(guó)家計(jì)量總局頒布的JJG547-88檢定規(guī)程的要求，整機(jī)功能采用美國(guó)微電腦控制處理技術(shù)及半導(dǎo)體激光傳感器技術(shù)及進(jìn)口氣泵，具有功能多、測(cè)量精度高、速度快、便于攜帶和操作簡(jiǎn)單等特點(diǎn)。儀器一次采樣可同時(shí)測(cè)得多種粒徑的塵埃粒子數(shù)，該產(chǎn)品已被廣泛應(yīng)用于電子生產(chǎn)企業(yè)潔凈室檢測(cè)；過(guò)濾器現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)、撿漏；可監(jiān)測(cè)生物安全，HVAC系統(tǒng)，計(jì)算機(jī)室，飲料包裝環(huán)境，藥品、醫(yī)療器械生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，醫(yī)院潔凈手術(shù)室，汽車噴涂環(huán)境,微電子、生化制品、食品衛(wèi)生、精細(xì)化工、精密機(jī)械和航空航天等生產(chǎn)和科研部門(mén)，是暖通空調(diào)和制藥企業(yè)及其監(jiān)督管理部門(mén)貫徹GMP規(guī)范和電子生產(chǎn)企業(yè)首選儀器。
主要技術(shù)參數(shù)：
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光源
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半導(dǎo)體激光器, 壽命大于35000小時(shí)
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采樣流量
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2.83L/min （0.1ft3）美國(guó)進(jìn)口氣泵
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顯示方式
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液晶屏顯示（LCD彩屏） 、實(shí)時(shí)顯示、上一周期顯示、實(shí)時(shí)濃度顯示、可顯示時(shí)間、日期、測(cè)量值、溫濕度、房間號(hào)、采樣點(diǎn)、采樣次數(shù)、電池電量、狀態(tài)等參數(shù)、 95% UCL 計(jì)算, 可直接顯示粒子濃度 (顆/立方米)
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可充電電池
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鋰離子電池，7.4 V，2200mAh.
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供電電源
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交流電源適配器，AC ：100V～245 V，50/60 Hz至 DC： 7.4 V，1 A；
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工作時(shí)間
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6 小時(shí)（剩余電量指示）
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計(jì)數(shù)模式
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累計(jì)值，差值，濃度值
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測(cè)試方式
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單一、連續(xù)、遠(yuǎn)程、
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單位換算
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單位可換算成m3
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粒徑通道
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0.3 、 0.5、 1.0、 3.0、 5.0、 10μm, 六檔粒徑同時(shí)計(jì)數(shù).
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采樣周期
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1～10000(s) 延時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)：0～99（S ） 自凈時(shí)間：≤10 （min ）
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工作環(huán)境
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溫度:10～40℃ (50～104℉) 相對(duì)溫度:20～90%RH,無(wú)凝露. 大氣壓力：86-106KPa
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溫濕度：
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選購(gòu) （1）溫度：0～50℃±1℃. （2）濕度：0～100%RH±5%
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UCL設(shè)置
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采樣點(diǎn)數(shù)（A）：2～9點(diǎn)設(shè)定。 每點(diǎn)采樣次數(shù)：（L）2～9次設(shè)定 測(cè)量位置：0-999
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UCL報(bào)表
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符合ISO14644-1、GB50073-2001、 GMP、FS-209E標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
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數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)
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可存儲(chǔ)20000組數(shù)據(jù)（循環(huán)式緩沖區(qū)）(包括粒徑、數(shù)據(jù)、環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)、年、月、日、時(shí)間，采樣量，數(shù)據(jù)位置口)，斷電后數(shù)據(jù)不丟失。
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通訊接口
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RS232，9600波特率
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報(bào)警設(shè)置
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儀器帶級(jí)別報(bào)警功能，可對(duì)潔凈室100級(jí)，1000級(jí)，10000級(jí)，100000級(jí)，300000級(jí)級(jí)超標(biāo)后報(bào)警 電池電壓過(guò)低報(bào)警
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零計(jì)數(shù)
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符合JJG-547-88塵埃粒子計(jì)數(shù)器檢定規(guī)程要求 JIS B9921:1997 每五分鐘少于1個(gè)
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重疊誤差
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5 %，2,000,000粒/立方英尺時(shí)
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打印功能
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外置打印機(jī)（選購(gòu)件）
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外形尺寸
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230×130×45(mm)
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重量
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0.6kg
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標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置
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手提箱/充電器、等動(dòng)力采樣頭、零過(guò)濾器、RS 232連接線、電腦連接通訊軟件光盤(pán)
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選購(gòu)件
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外置無(wú)線藍(lán)牙打印機(jī)，專業(yè)三角采樣架，溫濕度傳感器
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